Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a Symmetrical Wing, Update 01

     This post is about the computational fluid dynamics analysis of a wing. The wing analyzed employed the NACA 0021 section throughout. The wing had a span of 4 m and a chord length of 1 m. The Reynolds number was kept at 3,000,000. The software employed was SolidWorks Flow Simulation Premium.

     The mesh had a total of 385,064 cells of which 84,826 cells were in contact with the wing surface, as shown in Fig. 1. The results are, indeed, mesh independent. Mesh controls were employed to refine the mesh near the wing surface. The computational domain employed was of cylindrical shape.

 

Fig. 1, The computational mesh around the wing.

 

     The velocity variation at various angles of attack around the wing cross-section is shown in Fig. 3 while the pressure variation on the wing surface is shown in Fig. 4. The results were validated against experiments conducted by [1].

 

Fig. 2, Velocity variation around the wing at 0-25 degree AOA, 5 degree increments.

 

Fig. 3, Pressure variation at the wing surface at 0-25 degree AOA, 5 degree increments.

     The purpose of this blog is maintain my online portfolio. I did this analysis because I realized I haven't written anything of this nature before. All of my previous simulations and/or blog entries were from the propulsion, renewable energy and turbo-machinery areas.
 

     Update 01

     CAD files are available here.

 

    
     Thank you for reading. If you would like to collaborate on research projects, please feel free to contact.

     [1] Fernando A. Rocha, Adson A. de Paula, Marcos d. Sousa, André V. Cavalieri, and Vitor G. Kleine, "Lift enhancement by wavy leading edges at Reynolds numbers between 700,000 and 3,000,000," Proceedings of the 2018 Applied Aerodynamics Conference, AIAA AVIATION Forum, Atlanta, GA, 2018.

     https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-3816

SolidWorks Flow Simulation Premium: Propeller/Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine CFD Tutorial

The tutorial is in the attached video. Analysis such as: 11x7 Aeronautic Propeller Characteristics, 11x4.7 Aeronautic Propeller Characteristics and Wind Turbine SolidWorks Flow Simulation Premium Computational Fluid Dynamics are setup using the same method.

Pipe Flow Simulation

Just ran another simulation related to HMT, this problem became steady state after about 36 seconds.

Water at 318 K starts flowing (0.00035 m^3/s) through a steel pipe initially at 298 K. The steel pipe had convection to air at 298 K at 3,000 W/m^2.K. A simple simulation yielded inner and outer wall temperatures of the pipe to be 309.07 K and 311.26 K respectively. Then I ran a transient simulation, to find out the time taken by the pipe’s walls to reach these temperatures (f...rom 298 K) as water flows through it. It came out to be around 36 seconds.

Then I ran a FEA. To calculate stresses induced in the pipe due to water pressure, thermal effects, gravity etc. The pipe’s diameter increased by 0.005866 mm and von-mises stress induced was 117,016,056 N/m^2 with a factor of safety of 5.302.

Then I ran fatigue study to see if the pipe will survive under these loads for 20 years or not. It will I think. The fatigue S-N curves were not available so I used the ones for carbon steel (slightly different from the ones I used for CFD analysis and FEA); so will it last for 20 years I am not sure yet (searching for curves).

 Temperatures at inner wall surface

 Temperature at outer wall surface

displacement and stress animation

Canal Turbine Concept

It's a concept I am currently working on, so far I gave made a CAD model (renderings attached) of it in SolidWorks and analyzed it using its built in CFD module.

There are many advantages of canal turbines over wind turbines, prominent one's being:

 

Unidirectional flow

Water flows in one direction in a canal so we don't need pitch and yaw control surfaces. That simplifies the design process and reduces weight.

Constant flow rate

We (humans) control water flow rate through canals and it's almost same all year, so we don't have to worry about blade aero foil design to suit variable/abruptly variable flow rate, that makes design process further straight forward.

Large Electricity potential

Canals are 100s of km long, imagine the electricity potential in the canals. You can put these turbines in irrigation canals and it'll power nearby villages and all the irrigation equipment etc.

Higher Power/Discharge Ratio

Water is ~816 times dense (powerful) than air, so for the same discharge (flow) rate we get potentially 816 times more power. Which means more we can make designs that are lighter, smaller and easier to manage and maintain.

Easy maintenance

Fitted less than ~1 m deep inside the canal and can be retracted for maintenance at ground level, making maintenance very easy or better yet, we can maintain them while canals are being cleaned.

Plots for Comparison between Lift and Drag Produced by a Legacy Wing VS a Wing with Tubercles (Humpback Whale Fin's Inspired)

For some reason plots are now showing up in the original post (http://3dimensionaldesigningandmanufacturing.blogspot.com/2015/07/comparison-between-lift-and-drag.html).

9,000 Sq. Ft. House Design For Sale

Isometric View

 Isometric View

Rear Isometric View


6x bedrooms, 7x bathrooms, 2x Living Room, 1x Kitchen, 1x Drawing & Dining, 1x Store, Porch for 3x cars, 1x Servant area, 2x terraces.

If you need the CAD files or want to buy the design for commercial (Building, and selling) use contact via this account or mail to fadoobaba@live.com

 Right Side View

 Left Side View

 Front View

Rear View

4,500 Sq. Ft. House Design for Sale

4x bedrooms, 5x bathrooms, 2x Living Room, 1x Kitchen, 1x Drawing & Dining, Porch for 4x cars, 1x Servant area, 2x terraces.

If you need the CAD files or want to buy the design for commercial (Building, and selling) use contact via this account or mail to fadoobaba@live.com

9000 Sq. Ft. House Design for Sale

7x bedrooms, 8x bathrooms, 2x Living Room, 2x Kitchen, 1x Drawing & Dining, Porch for 4x cars, 1x Servant area, 2x terraces, 2 lawns.

If you need the CAD files or want to buy the design for commercial (Building, and selling) use contact via this account or mail to fadoobaba@live.com

 Front View

 Right View

 Top View

Isometric View

Dinner Table Design for Sale

8.75 ft. in dia. 2.5 ft. high, chairs 12, 1.625 ft. diameter, 1.5 ft. high.

If you need the CAD files or want to buy the design for commercial (Building, and selling) use, contact via this account or mail to fadoobaba@live.com

Comparison between Down-Force and Drag Produced by a Legacy Spoiler VS a Spoiler with Tubercles (Humpback Whale Fin's Inspired)

Following data was obtained from Simulations carried out in SolidWorks Flow Simulation Premium.

Without Bumps
Air Speed in Km/h	Down Force in N	Drag in N
120	98.682	33.234
110	82.88	27.957
100	68.266	23.02
90	55.299	18.668
80	43.529	14.697
70	33.284	11.255
60	24.438	8.272
50	16.982	5.769
40	10.83	3.688
30	6.08	2.081
20	2.681	0.929
10	0.648	0.235

With Bumps
Air Speed in Km/h	Down Force in N	Drag in N
120	108.238	30.47
110	90.599	25.549
100	74.818	21.047
90	60.423	17.014
80	47.695	13.443
70	36.441	10.27
60	26.682	7.532
50	18.504	5.228
40	11.82	3.352
30	6.613	1.886
20	2.909	0.841
10	0.685	0.211

Comparison between Down Force and Drag

Air Speed in Km/h	Percentage Less Drag		Percentage More Down Force
120	8.32		8.83
110	8.61		8.51
100	8.57		8.76
90	8.86		8.48
80	8.53		8.73
70	8.75		8.66
60	8.95		8.41
50	9.38		8.23
40	9.11		8.38
30	9.37		8.06
20	9.47		7.84
10	10.21		5.4

It is clear that the spoiler with humpback whale's fin's inspired profile not only produce more down force at a particular velocity but also less drag.

Data for Spoiler without Humpback Whale's Fin's Inspired Bumps:

Wing Span: 100 cm

Chord Length: 17.5 cm

Air Velocity: 0-120 Km/h head on

Vertical Pitch: 22.5 Degree Downwards

Gravity Considered

Fluid: Dry Air at STP

Mesh Settings: Coarse (3/10)

Data for Spoiler with Humpback Whale's Fin's Bumps:

Wing Span: 100 cm

Chord Length Large: 17.5 cm

Chord Length Small: 15.75 cm

Air Velocity: 0-120 Km/h head on

Vertical Pitch: 22.5 Degree Downwards

Gravity Considered

Fluid: Dry Air at STP

Mesh Settings: Coarse (3/10)

Let's now take a look at visual representation of data.

This Plot Shows Air Velocity VS Drag, Down-Force by the Spoiler without Bumps

This Plot Shows Air Velocity VS Drag, Down-Force by the Spoiler with Bumps

As you can see from above two plots; the spoiler with the whale's fin like profile generates more down force and less drag.

This Plot Shows Air Velocity VS Down-Force Generated by the Spoilers

The green line represents the Down-Force generated by the spoiler with whale's fin's inspired design. It is around eight percent more at each velocity.

This Plot Shows Air Velocity VS Drag Generated by the Spoilers

The green line represents the Drag generated by the spoiler with whale's fin inspired design. It is around nine percent less at each velocity.

This Plot Shows Air velocity VS Down-Force to Drag Ratio

It is clear from this plot that Down-Force to Drag ratio is around sixteen percent more for whale's fin's inspired spoiler than the legacy one at each velocity.

This Plot Shows Air Flow Around the Spoiler without Bumps at 120 Km/h from the Right Side.

This Plot Shows Air Flow Around the Spoiler without Bumps at 120 Km/h.

This Plot Shows Air Flow Around the Spoiler with bumps at 120 Km/h.

This plot Shows Air Flow Around the Spoiler with bumps at 120 Km/h.

A simple stress analysis was carried out on both spoilers at 120 Km/h. FOS was greater than 1 for both cases.

Advantages of Spoilers:

The main benefit of installing a spoiler on a car is to help it maintain traction at very high speeds. Particularly at speeds around 90 Km/h. A car with a spoiler installed will be easier to handle at highway speeds. Rear spoilers such as the one's analysed in this study; push the back of the car down so the tires can grip the road better and increase stability. It also increases the braking ability of the car.

To build the prototypes and complete the study further, I need donations. To donate your part send an email to fadoobaba@live.com , tweet @fadoobaba, PM at https://www.facebook.com/ThreeDimensionalDesign orhttps://grabcad.com/fahad.rafi.butt or comment with your contact details and I will contact you!. Thank you for reading!

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